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Articles:
The OSI Model: Layer 5 - Session Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 4 - Transport Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 3 - Network Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 2 - Datalink Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 1 - Physical Layer
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Suggested Articles:
Network Cabling
CAT5, CAT5e, CAT6 UTP X-Over / Cross-over Cable
The cross-over (or crossover) CAT5 UTP cable has to be one of the most used cables after the classic straight-thru cable. The cross-over cable allo...
Network Address Translation - NAT
Static NAT - Part 1
Static NAT (also called inbound mapping) is the first mode we're going to talk about and also happens to be the most uncommon between smaller netwo...
TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis
TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 4: TCP Flag Options
As we have seen in the previous pages, some TCP segments carry data while others are simple acknowledgements for previously received data. The popu...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/c3/spanning-tree-protocol-root-bridge-election-intro-c379f7a4.png)
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Spanning Tree Protocol – Part 3: Bridge ID, Pri...
In this article we will examine the Spanning Tree Bridge ID structure, explain why it has increments of 4096, how VLAN information is embedded (for...
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Netflow Articles:
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/68/netflow-vs-snmp-intro-68e06ad3.webp)
Netflow vs SNMP. Two Different Approaches to Ne...
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/44/netflow-monitor-network-bandwidth-application-traffic-intro-4483acc1.webp)
Netflow: Monitor Bandwidth & Network Utilizatio...
Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, appl...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/94/manageengine-netflow-analyzer-intro-94d1b60f.webp)
NetFlow Analyzer: Free Download, Step-by-Step I...
In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/7d/netflow-basics-netflow-components-rfc-history-intro-7db55966.webp)
Complete Guide to Netflow: How Netflow & its Co...
This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive i...
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VLAN Networks
VLANs - IEEE 802.1q Trunk Link Protocol Analysis
While the VLAN Tagging article briefly covered the IEEE 802.1q protocol this article will continue building upon it by further analyzing the IEEE 802.1q...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/f0/dynamic-vlans-intro-f07324c0.webp)
VLAN Networks
Dynamic VLANs
Dynamic VLANs were introduced to grant the flexibility and complexity(!) that Static VLANs did not provide. Dynamic VLANs are quite rare because of thei...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/6b/vtp-analysis-intro-6bc0a69a.webp)
VLAN Networks
VTP Protocol - In-Depth Analysis
The previous article introduced the VTP protocol, we examined how it can be used within a network, to help manage VLANs and ease the administrative over...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/5c/vlan-security-intro-5c7b7e79.webp)
VLAN Networks
VLAN Security - Making the Most of VLANs
It's easy to see why virtual LANs have become extremely popular on networks of all sizes. In practical terms, multiple VLANs are pretty much the same as...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/12/ospf-part4-intro-12fa1af6.webp)
Routing
OSPF - Part 4: OSPF Neighbor States – OSPF Neighbor ...
This is the third article of our OSPF series which analyzes the different OSPF States routers go through during the OSPF discovery and neighbor forming ...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/c4/ospf-part3-intro-c422b3d8.webp)
Routing
OSPF - Part 3: OSPF Adjacency & Neighbor Forming Pro...
This is the thrid article of our 6-part OSPF series (see below) that describes how OSPF routers perform neighbor relationship and adjacency. We’ll exami...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/ee/ospf-part2-intro-ee0a8bba.webp)
Routing
OSPF - Part 2: How OSPF Protocol Works & Basic Conce...
This article covers basic OSPF concepts and operation. We explain how OSPF works, how OSPF tables are built on an OSPF-enabled router and their purpose ...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/15/ip-routing-process-intro-151cd5a0.webp)
Routing
The IP Routing Process - Step-by-Step Analysis
We are going to analyse what happens when routing occurs on a network (IP routing process). When I was new to the networking area, I thought that all yo...
Cisco Routers
How To Configure Dynamic DNS Server On A Cisco Router
Hosting your own webserver or email server would normaly require a static IP address from your ISP. This ensures that your services are always reachable...
Network Protocol Analyzers
How to Detect Routing Loops and Physical Loops with ...
When working with medium to large scale networks, IT departments are often faced dealing with network loops and broadcast storms that are caused by user...
Windows Servers
Free Webinar: Troubleshooting & Fixing Microsoft Hyp...
Users working with Hyper-V Virtualization would be interested to know that Altaro is hosting a free webinar on the 25th of February 2016 at 4pm CET / 10...
Cisco Routers
How To Secure Your Cisco Router Using Cisco AutoSecu...
In today’s complex network environments securing your network routers can be a daunting task, especially when there are so many CLI commands and paramet...