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Articles:
The OSI Model: Layer 5 - Session Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 4 - Transport Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 3 - Network Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 2 - Datalink Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 1 - Physical Layer
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Suggested Articles:
Subnetting
IP Subnetting - Part 1: The Basic Concepts
When we subnet a network, we basically split it into smaller networks. For example, when a set of IP Addresses is given to a company, e.g 254 they ...

Network Fundamentals
Multicast - Understand How IP Multicast Works
Multicast is a communication method used in computer networking where data is sent from a single sender to a group of destination devices. In this...
Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions
Migrating From Ethernet To Fast Ethernet
In this article we will analyze the following aspects of upgrading/migrating from 10Mbit Ethernet to 100Mbit Ethernet.
Cabling
Incompatible Imp...
TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis
UDP Protocol - Header
This article covers the UDP protocol. We examine the structure of the UDP header, the protocols that use UDP as a transport plus a lot more.
Some ...
Featured Subcategories:
Netflow Articles:

NetFlow Analyzer: Free Download, Step-by-Step I...
In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows...

Netflow vs SNMP. Two Different Approaches to Ne...
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ...

Netflow: Monitor Bandwidth & Network Utilizatio...
Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, appl...

Complete Guide to Netflow: How Netflow & its Co...
This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive i...
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VLAN Networks
VTP Introduction & Modes
The invention of VLANs was very much welcomed by all engineers and administrators, allowing them to extend, redesign and segment their existing network ...

VLAN Networks
VLAN Tagging - Understanding VLANs Ethernet Frames
We mentioned that Trunk Links are designed to pass frames (packets) from all VLANs, allowing us to connect multiple switches together and independently ...

VLAN Networks
InterVLAN Routing - Routing between VLAN Networks
This article deals with the popular topic of InterVLAN routing, which is used to allow routing & communication between VLAN networks. Our article an...

VLAN Networks
The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs
We hear about them everywhere, vendors around the world are constantly trying to push them into every type of network and as a result, the Local Area Ne...

Routing
OSPF - Part 4: OSPF Neighbor States – OSPF Neighbor ...
This is the third article of our OSPF series which analyzes the different OSPF States routers go through during the OSPF discovery and neighbor forming ...

Routing
OSPF - Part 5: Analysis of OSPF Link State Update (L...
This article explains how OSPF uses Link State Advertisement (LSA) to exchange information about the network topology between routers. When a router rec...

Routing
Hybrid Routing Protocols - Advantages and Disadvanta...
Hybrid routing protocols are a combination of distance-vector and link-state routing protocols, and are used to provide a more efficient and scala...

Routing
Routed Protocols
We all understand that TCP/IP, IPX-SPX are protocols which are used in a Local Area Network (LAN) so computers can communicate between with each other a...
SASE & SD-WAN Networks
How To Secure Your SD-WAN. Comparing DIY, Managed SD...
With so much enterprise network traffic now destined for the cloud, backhauling traffic across an expensive MPLS connection to a data center to apply se...

Palo Alto Networks
The Ultimate Guide to Palo Alto Networks Software NG...
Discover the ins and outs of using Palo Alto Networks’ Software NGFW (Flex) credits to seamlessly renew your cloud-based or virtualized software NGFW de...
Cisco Switches
Configuring SPAN On Cisco Catalyst Switches - Monito...
Being able to monitor your network traffic is essential when it comes to troubleshooting problems, performing a security audit or even casually checking...
Cisco Routers
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What Are MPLS Networks?
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks are the next-generation of networks designed to allow customers create end-to-en...