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Network Fundamentals

Network Broadcast

The term "Broadcast" is used very frequently in the networking world . You will see it in most networking books and articles, or see it happening o...
ICMP Protocol

ICMP Protocol - Part 4: Destination Unreachable...

The 'ICMP Destination unreachable' message is quite interesting, because it doesn't actually contain one message, but infact six! This means that t...
Network Cabling

Early Communication Technology - Morse Code and...

We tend to think of digital communication as a new idea but in 1844 a man called Samuel Morse sent a message 37 miles from Washington D.C. to Balti...
TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 6: TCP Options

The TCP Options (MSS, Window Scaling, Selective Acknowledgements, Timestamps, Nop) are located at the end of the TCP Header which is also why they ...

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Netflow Articles:

NetFlow Analyzer: Free Download, Step-by-Step I...

In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows...

Netflow: Monitor Bandwidth & Network Utilizatio...

Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, appl...

Netflow vs SNMP. Two Different Approaches to Ne...

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ...

Complete Guide to Netflow: How Netflow & its Co...

This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive i...

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VLAN Networks

Static VLANs

VLANs are usually created by the network administrator, assigning each port of every switch to a VLAN. Depending on the network infrastructure and secur...
VLAN Networks

InterVLAN Routing - Routing between VLAN Networks

This article deals with the popular topic of InterVLAN routing, which is used to allow routing & communication between VLAN networks. Our article an...
VLAN Networks

Comparing Traditional Flat & VLAN Networks

Designing and building a network is not a simple job. VLANs are no exception to this rule, in fact they require a more sophisticated approach because of...
VLAN Networks

The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs

We hear about them everywhere, vendors around the world are constantly trying to push them into every type of network and as a result, the Local Area Ne...

Routing

Link State Routing Protocols

Link State routing protocols do not view networks in terms of adjacent routers and hop counts, but they build a comprehensive view of the overall networ...
Routing

OSPF - Part 1: Introduction, OSPF Packet Structure, ...

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a popular routing protocol developed for Internet Protocol (IP) networks by the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) worki...
Routing

OSPF - Part 5: Analysis of OSPF Link State Update (L...

This article explains how OSPF uses Link State Advertisement (LSA) to exchange information about the network topology between routers. When a router rec...
Routing

Hybrid Routing Protocols - Advantages and Disadvanta...

Hybrid routing protocols are a combination of distance-vector and link-state routing protocols, and are used to provide a more efficient and scala...

Windows Servers

Renaming Windows 2000 Domain Name

Sometimes renaming a domain is an essential business requirement. There are many situations, such as mergers, change of company name or migration from a...
Windows Servers

Understanding, Creating, Configuring & Applying Wind...

This article explains what Group Policies are and shows how to configure Windows Server 2012 Active Directory Group Policies. Our next article will cove...
Windows Servers

Troubleshooting Windows Server 2012 R2 Crashes. Anal...

There are umpteen reasons why your Windows Server 2012 R2 decides to present you with a Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) or the stop screen. As virtual machi...
Cisco Routers

Disabling Cisco Router Password Recovery Service

Most Cisco engineers are aware of the classic Password-Recovery service Cisco equipment have. If the device's credentials are lost, then performing the ...