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Network Protocols
In the networking and communications area, a protocol is the formal specification that defines the procedures that must be followed when transmitting…
Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions
The following is a description of the frame format described by the original Ethernet Version II specification as released by DEC, Intel, and Xerox…
ICMP Protocol
As mentioned in the previous page, an Echo is simply what we networking engineers call a 'ping'. The Echo Reply is, as most would guess,  the 'p…
Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions
This page will primarily discuss problems unique to Fast Ethernet. The Collision Domain Incompatible Ethernet Jabber Auto-negotiation Priorities…

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Netflow Articles:

In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows w…
This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive int…
Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, applic…
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ne…

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VLAN Networks
Dynamic VLANs were introduced to grant the flexibility and complexity(!) that Static VLANs did not provide. Dynamic VLANs are quite rare because of their…
VLAN Networks
Deciding whether to use ISL or IEEE 802.1q to power your trunk links can be quite confusing if you cannot identify the advantages and disadvantages of eac…
VLAN Networks
We mentioned that Trunk Links are designed to pass frames (packets) from all VLANs, allowing us to connect multiple switches together and independently co…
VLAN Networks
The previous article introduced the VTP protocol, we examined how it can be used within a network, to help manage VLANs and ease the administrative overhe…

Routing
This article covers basic OSPF concepts and operation. We explain how OSPF works, how OSPF tables are built on an OSPF-enabled router and their purpose (N…
Routing
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary distance-vector routing protocol used in enterprise networks to exchange routing informati…
Routing
Distance Vector, Link State RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF Routing protocols were created for routers. These protocols have been designed to allow the exchange…
Routing
Distance Vector routing protocols use frequent broadcasts (255.255.255.255 or FF:FF:FF:FF) of their entire routing table every 30 sec. on all their interf…

Cisco Wireless
Cisco Wireless Controllers (WLC) support the configuration of Link Aggregation (IEEE 802.3ad - LAG) which bundles the controller ports into a single port…
Windows Servers
Microsoft introduced Fine-Grained Password Policy for the first time in Windows Server 2008 and the policy has been part of every Windows Server since the…
Windows Servers
The Domain Name System (DNS) is perhaps one of the most important services for Active Directory. DNS provides name resolution services for Active Director…
Cisco Routers
Our DMVPN Introduction article covered the DMVPN concept and deployment designs. We explained how DMVPN combines a number of technologies that give it its…